{"id":3184,"date":"2018-05-11T10:23:56","date_gmt":"2018-05-11T18:23:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/bien.nceas.ucsb.edu\/bien\/?page_id=3184"},"modified":"2026-07-05T23:04:27","modified_gmt":"2026-07-06T07:04:27","slug":"gnrs","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/bien.nceas.ucsb.edu\/bien\/tools\/gnrs\/","title":{"rendered":"GNRS"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\ud83c\udf0e<\/div>\n
GNRS<\/div>\n
Geographic Name Resolution Service<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

The Geographic Name Resolution Service (GNRS)<\/strong> resolves political division names and codes using the GeoNames<\/a> database of geographic place names, indexing them against political-division spatial objects in the Natural Earth<\/a> and Global Administrative Areas (GADM)<\/a> databases.<\/p>\n

Among other uses, this enables what we call “political geovalidation” of species observations: checking that observation coordinates fall within the declared country, state and county of observation. Political geovalidation is one of many data-cleaning operations performed on the BIEN database.<\/p>\n

Examples and vignette:<\/strong> GNRS vignette<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Citation:<\/strong> Chamberlain, S. A. et al. (2022). GNRS: A Geographic Name Resolution Service for standardizing and georeferencing political division names.<\/em> PLOS ONE<\/em> 17(11): e0268162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0268162<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"GNRS<\/a>
\n<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n